- \n
- The first one will present the exploits definition<\/strong> and explanation of these terms, how they are used and the methods which could be used against them : Part I \u2013 Exploits, Exploit kits and Protection<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- The second one will focus on the marketplace where they are bought\/sold<\/strong>, sometimes legally, sometimes not : Part II \u2013 A Marketing Approach<\/a> <\/li>\n\n\n\n
- The third one will explore in details the inner working of exploits<\/strong>, exploits kits and anti-exploit : Part III \u2013 A Technical Approach<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Exploits Definition<\/h4>\n\n\n\nAn exploit is a code section <\/strong> used to exploit software vulnerability<\/strong> in order to gain increased privileges<\/strong> (code execution, getting information, etc.) on the computer running said software. This brings us to the definition of a software vulnerability: it\u2019s a design error made by the developer<\/strong> that could be exploited. Concrete examples of vulnerabilities will be presented in Part III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An exploit kit is a software usually running on top of a Web server and containing different exploits<\/strong>. Its goal is to list exploitable software installed on the computer communicating with it and to deliver the appropriate exploit<\/strong> in order to infect the remote computer (drive-by download<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n
\n![\"Source:](\"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/driveby-300x178.jpg\")
<\/a>Source: microsoft.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n Usually, operating an exploit kit doesn\u2019t require any exploitation knowledge<\/strong> making it very easy to use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Criticality level of vulnerabilities<\/h4>\n\n\n\nAll software vulnerabilities don\u2019t pose the same threat. Indeed, to be exploited some require special conditions and others only give limited access to the remote system. That is why an organization, the MITRE<\/a>, handles referencing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Once a vulnerability is discovered and made public, the exploits definition is added to the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) dictionary as a CVE identifier<\/strong>. The assessment of the criticality of vulnerabilities is governed by the Common Vulnerability Scoring System<\/a> (CVSS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This assessment consists of three measures called metrics and consisting of various risk factors. The higher the risk factor, the greater will be the metric value<\/strong>, with 10 being the maximum value. Unreferenced vulnerabilities<\/strong> and vulnerabilities for which there is no patch available are called by the name \u00ab 0-day \u00bb. However, this doesn\u2019t affect their CVSS score.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Popularity level of vulnerabilities<\/h4>\n\n\n\nSoftware with the most vulnerabilities are not necessarily the most exploited. Indeed, several factors must be taken into account:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- CVSS score<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Software popularity<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00ab 0-day \u00bb or not<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
CVSS score: As we have seen in the above paragraph, the higher the CVSS score of a vulnerability, the higher its exploitation is easy<\/strong>. We can therefore deduce that vulnerabilities with a high CVSS score are more likely to be exploited than them with a lower score.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Software popularity: The purpose of exploit kits is to infect as many machines as possible<\/strong>. So, the most exploited vulnerabilities are cross-platform products or the Windows operating system and its applications (almost 90% of non-mobile connected devices).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00ab 0-day \u00bb or not: A \u00ab 0-day \u00bb vulnerability might be exploitable for months or even years<\/strong>. The development of an exploit is particularly profitable (see Part II).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Demonstration:<\/strong>
In 2015, the MITRE referenced 654 vulnerabilities<\/strong> for Mac OS operating system and Apple software. Microsoft ranks second with 571 vulnerabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Source](\"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Top10_Vulnerable_Vendors_2016-300x167.jpg\")
<\/a>Source : ITProPortal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n Yet, if we compare these figures with those of the top exploited vulnerabilities used by exploit kits, we realize that the first eight places are occupied by Adobe Flash Player, which occupies the 5th place in the most vulnerable vendors ranking<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n![\"Source](\"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/top-vulnerabilities-2015-300x192.png\")
<\/a>Source : Recorded Future<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n If we analyse the case of the CVE-2015-0313<\/strong> vulnerability, the most exploited, we realize that its CVSS score is 10, that it\u2019s cross-platform (Windows, MacOS, and Linux) and is \u00ab 0-day \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Passives protections<\/h4>\n\n\n\nMany exploits still used today target vulnerabilities for which patches are available<\/strong>. So, it\u2019s highly advised to keep software installed up-to-date (for example by using UCheck<\/a>), especially high risk software ones such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Operating systems<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Web browsers and the installed plugins (Flash Player, SilverLight, Java, etc.)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- PDF readers<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
This will of course not be effective against \u00ab 0-day \u00bb exploits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Another approach is to consider the browser as the entry point for exploits<\/strong> and to use a Sandbox. In this context, even if an exploit is executed and malware installed on the host system, it will be, for the most part, easy to remove. However, this protection does not prevent user data theft<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It is also possible to filter the requests between the browser and the remote server and allow only legitimate traffic. Software like NoScript<\/strong> or uMatrix<\/strong> made this possible.
Although highly effective, the main disadvantage of this approach is a strong user investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Active protections<\/h4>\n\n\n\nSoftware specifically designed to protect against \u00ab 0-day \u00bb exploits were developed, named \u00ab anti-exploits. These include Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET)<\/a> or Malwarebytes Anti-Exploit (MBAE)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/EMET.png\")
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/MBAE.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Most of the methods used by exploits (see Part III) are known and these software can detect them and make them ineffective. However, these tools are not infallible<\/strong> and malware constantly adapt to circumvent them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conclusion<\/h4>\n\n\n\nAfter talking about exploits definition, we’ve seen that exploit kits played a major role in the spread of malware<\/strong> since they allow the attacker to silently install them without any user interaction<\/strong>. The products for which the most vulnerabilities have been discovered are not necessarily less safe and the most exploited<\/strong>. There are no fool proof solutions to protect oneself against this kind of threat. Also, it is advisable to combine passive and active protections<\/strong>, to minimize the potential attack surface.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Exploits and Exploit kits play a major role in the spread of malware. Learn how they work and how to protect yourself from such threats.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":544,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54,36],"tags":[20,444,449,441,360,443],"class_list":["post-546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyse","category-analysis","tag-analyse","tag-exploit-kits","tag-kits-dexploit","tag-protection","tag-vulnerabilite","tag-vulnerabilites","category-54","category-36","description-off"],"views":2528,"yoast_score":75,"yoast_readable":60,"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/888260856.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"tigzy","author_link":"https:\/\/www.adlice.com\/de\/author\/tigzy\/"},"yoast_head":"\n
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- Software popularity<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- The second one will focus on the marketplace where they are bought\/sold<\/strong>, sometimes legally, sometimes not : Part II \u2013 A Marketing Approach<\/a> <\/li>\n\n\n\n